This Concise Hornbook explains the intricate doctrines and frameworks of proof that courts have developed in interpreting federal employment discrimination statutes. It provides in-depth treatment of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act (PWFA). Designed for use by law students, scholars, and practitioners, the book identifies the critical elements of disparate treatment and disparate impact theory and proof requirements for claims of harassment and retaliation. Separate sections address distinctive issues relating to race, national origin, and religious discrimination as well as pregnancy and caregiver discrimination, pay equity suits and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The book examines U.S. Supreme Court precedents and developments and trends in the lower courts.


Imprint: West Academic Publishing
Series: Concise Hornbook Series
Publication Date: 07/28/2026

Martha Chamallas, Ohio State University College of Law

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  • Extensive treatment of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Muldrow v. City of St. Louis softening the “adverse impact” requirement and its implications for disparate treatment, retaliation and harassment cases
  • In depth examination of U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Groff v. DeJoy redefining “undue hardship” defense in religious accommodation cases
  • Addition of a new section devoted to the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act establishing a duty of reasonable accommodation for pregnant workers
  • Updated examination of “reverse” discrimination claims
  • Discussion of Trump II executive orders targeting DEI, “gender ideology extremism” and disparate impact theory and their effect on employment discrimination law
  • Explanation of backlash against trans rights following U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in U.S. v. Skrmetti
  • Analysis of affirmative action doctrine after U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. Harvard College
  • Review of cases interpreting the scope of the ban on mandatory arbitration in sexual assault and harassment cases

Learn more about this series.