This Concise Hornbook explains the intricate doctrines and frameworks of proof that courts have developed in interpreting federal employment discrimination statutes. It provides in-depth treatment of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Designed for use by law students, scholars, and practitioners, the book identifies the critical elements of disparate treatment and disparate impact theory and proof requirements for claims of harassment and retaliation. Separate sections address distinctive issues relating to race, national origin, and religious discrimination as well as pregnancy and caregiver discrimination, pay equity suits and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The book examines U.S. Supreme Court precedents and developments and trends in the lower courts.


Imprint: West Academic Publishing
Series: Concise Hornbook Series
Publication Date: 05/01/2023

Martha Chamallas, Ohio State University College of Law

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  • Extensive treatment of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Bostock v. Clayton County, holding that Title VII prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, with its reverberating effects on harassment, retaliation, and dress and grooming code cases.
  • Discussion of new ADA caselaw on COVID-19 and gender dysphoria.
  • Expanded treatment of sex-plus and other intersectional claims.
  • Update on Supreme Court’s expansion of the “ministerial” exemption for religious organizations and broader protection for religious employees.
  • Marking continuing trend toward adoption of “but-for” causation.
  • Documenting references to #MeToo movement and new federal legislation barring mandatory arbitration agreements in sexual assault and sexual harassment cases.
  • Noting shifts in tests used to determine “adverse action” and the definition of “employee.”

Learn more about this series.